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河南专升本英语词汇详解---动词分类

一、根据功能分类

根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)

有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:

We are having a meeting. (having是实义动词。)

He has gone to New York. (has是助动词。)

下面对前三类做详细讲解,情态动词将在以后的内容中详细讲解。

1. 实义动词:

(1)。动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,

及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。

同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:

She can dance and sing. sing在此用作不及物动词。)

She can sing many English songs.(sing用作及物动词。)

(2)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,动词可分两类:限定动词和非限定动词

She sings very well.

She wants to learn English well.

说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。

(3)根据动词的组成形式,可分为,

单字词(One-Word Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:

The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.

The young ought to take care of the old.

(4)动词有五种形态

分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。

2. 系动词:

系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:

He fell ill yesterday.

He fell off the ladder.

(1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:

He is a teacher.

(2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:

He always kept silent at meeting.

This matter rests a mystery.

(3)表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:

He looks tired.

He seems (to be) very sad.

(4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

This flower smells very sweet.

(5)变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

He became mad after that.

She grew rich within a short time.

(6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”,“变成”之意,例如:

The rumor proved false.

The search proved difficult.

His plan turned out a success.

3. 助动词:

(1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。

助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:

He doesn't like English.

(2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用:

a. 表示时态,:

He is singing.

He has got married.

b. 表示语态,

He was sent to England.

c. 构成疑问句,

Do you like college life?

Did you study English before you came here?

d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句

I don‘t like him.

e. 加强语气,例如:

Do come to the party tomorrow evening.

He did know that.

(3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

二、根据其后是否带宾语分类

动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(transitive verb)、不及物动词(intransitive verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。

说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:

She can dance and sing.

她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)

She can sing many english songs.

她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)

三、根据是否受助于人称和数的限制分类

根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(finite verb)、非限定动词(non-finite verb)例如:

She sings very well.

她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)

She wants to learn english well.

她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。

说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)、分词(participle)。

更多资料可以详询V:hnjingxiaotong

四、根据动词的组成形式分类

根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(one-word verb)、短语动词(phrasal verb)、动词短语(verbal phrase)例如:

The english language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.

英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)

Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.

学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)

The young ought to take care of the old.

年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)

下面对短语动词做详细讲解:

英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体,其用法有的相当于及物动词,有的相当于不及物动词,有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种:

1. 动词+介词

常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:

Don't laugh at others.

I didn't care about it.

2. 动词+副词

常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

Please don't forget to hand it in.

3. 动词+副词+介词

常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:

All his money added up to no more than $100.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

4. 动词+名词+介词

常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:You should pay attention to your handwriting.

We should make full use of our time.

5. 动词+形容词

常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放在形容词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:

The prisoners were set free.

He cut it open.

6. 动词+名词

常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如:

This story took place three years ago.

I make friends with a lot of people.

7. 辨析

give away(让给,暴露) 和 give up(放弃,停止)

put away(放起,收起) 和 put out (扑灭)

turn up(出席,放大) 和 turn on (打开)

keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不让靠近)

make up(编造,补上) 和 make out(辨认)

take off(脱,起飞) 和 take out(拿出)

8. 点击考点

例1 It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.

A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

解析:该题正确答案为A。意为"存";keep up意为"继续";give away意为"分发";lay up"贮藏"。例2 Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

A touch B relation C connection D friendship

解析:该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词,意为"保持联系"。

例3 ____! There's a train coming.

A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on

解析:该题选A. look out 意为"小心"。

2024-03-08

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