人教版高中英语选修九（Book 9 Unit 4)
Section Ⅰ
Ⅰ.高频单词点击
1．courtyard n．庭院；院子；天井
2．balcony n．阳台；包厢
3．distant adj.远的，远处的→distance n．距离，间距；远方；远处
4．conflict n．斗争；冲突→conflicting adj.相反的
5．goods n．货物
6．anchor n．锚 vi.抛锚，锚定
7．tight adj.紧的，紧密的→tightly adv.紧紧地；坚固地
8．container n．容器→contain v．包含，容纳，装盛
9．restriction n．限制，约束→restrict v．限制
10．fluency n．流利，流畅→fluent adj.流利的→fluently adv.流利地
11．shave vt. & vi.剃；刮 n．刮脸，刮胡子，修面→shaver n. 剃须刀
12．thunderstorm n．雷雨，雷暴
13．appeal n．恳求；呼吁 vi.(对某人)有吸引力→appealing adj.有吸引力的，有趣的
14．botanist n. 植物学家→botany n. 植物学→botanical adj. 植物学的
Ⅱ.重点短语必记
1．adapt to 适应于
2．date back to 追溯到；远在……年代
3．on a large scale 大规模地
4．take interest in 对……感兴趣
5．set up 资助；(使)开始从事某种职业
6．come across 遇到；碰见
7．quantities of 大量的
8．appeal to (对……)有吸引力；呼吁
9．a vast variety of 大量的，各种各样的
Ⅲ.常用句型必备
1．Collecting "exotic" plants, as they are called, dates back to the earliest times.
2．However, it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale.
3．Cook called the bay where the Endeavour had anchored Botany bay.
4．Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants ...
Ⅳ.课文缩写填空
The plants in our gardens look familiar, __1__ in fact many of them date back __2__ many years ago.In the past, many civilisations saw the value of bringing back plants.So many of them did it.__3__， it wasn't popular until the 18th and 19th centuries.At that time, many brave young men took the opportunity __4__ (find) new plants, such as Father d'Incarville, sir Joseph Banks.But keeping plant alive was an enormous challenge. __5__ (face) the problem, Dr Nathaniel Ward __6__ (invent) the Wardian case.
Between 1843 and 1859, there were__7__ (restrict) on the movement of Europeans and so, in order to travel unnoticed, he developed his __8__ (fluent) in Chinese even __9__ (shave) his head in the Chinese style. He experienced many adventures and succeed shipping plants to the western countries.
Although the missionaries collected large numbers of specimens, there was not enough material __10__ growing particular species in western gardens, many plant collectors managed to introduce many new plants to western gardens.
答案：1.but 2.to 3.However 4.to find 5.Facing 6.invented 7.restrictions 8.fluency 9.shaving 10.for
Section_Ⅱ
Warming Up & Reading — Language Points
1．distant adj.
(1)遥远的；远处的；久远的
Have you heard the distant sound of music?你听到远处的音乐声了吗？
(2)疏远的，关系不近的
Those two weak boys are distant relations.那两个瘦弱的男孩是远房亲戚。
(3)冷淡的；不亲近的
Instead of stopping to speak, she passed by with only a distant nod.她没有停下来谈话，只是冷冷地点了一下头就走了过去。
distance n． 久远；距离；冷淡；疏远
at/from a distance 离一段距离
in/into the distance 在远方，在远处
keep sb. at a distance(＝keep one's distance from sb./sth.)与某人保持一定距离；对某人疏远
The picture looks more beautiful from a distance.这幅图画远看更美丽。
完成句子：
(1)他正隔着一段距离同他的一位朋友谈话。
He is standing at a distance, talking to a friend of his.
(2)我们学校约有20公里远。
Our school is about 20 kilometres distant.
2．conflict
(1)n.
There is a conflict between the two cultures.这两种文化之间存在着冲突。
come into conflict with 与……冲突，与……矛盾
in conflict with 与……冲突，与……矛盾
My daughter is in conflict with me over her career.我女儿在择业问题上与我有分歧。
(2)vi.冲突；抵触
conflict with 与……冲突，与……战斗
These results conflict with the earlier findings.这些结果与早期的发现相矛盾。
完成句子：
(1)你的陈述与剩下的证据相冲突。
Your statement is in_conflict_with the rest of the evidence.
(2)为了避免这样的冲突，我们应该善待彼此，这是享有和谐生活的必要条件。
To_avoid_such_conflicts,_we should be kind to one another, which is essential to enjoying a harmonious life.
3．anchor
(1)n.锚
at anchor (船)抛锚，停泊着
cast/drop anchor 下锚，抛锚；过安定生活
The ship cast/dropped anchor for the night.船抛锚过夜。
The ship lay at anchor two miles off the coast.轮船在离海岸两海里处停泊了。
(2)vi. & vt.抛锚；紧固；(使)紧紧扣牢
The tiger anchored fast to its prey.这只老虎紧紧地抓住猎物不放。
完成句子：
(1)We cast/dropped_anchor (抛锚) a few yards offshore.
(2)The panel was_firmly_anchored (被紧紧地固定) by two large bolts.
4．restriction n．限制；约束
I'm sorry to tell you that you have broken the speed restriction.很遗憾您超过了速度限制。
The government has agreed to lift restrictions on import.政府已经同意撤销对进口的限制。
place a restriction on sth. 对某事实行限制
restrict vt. 限制，约束
restricted adj. 受限制的，受约束的
That country has placed restrictions on press freedom.该国对新闻自由实行了限制。
完成句子：
(1)The supply of electric power to Madrid and neighbouring districts has to be restricted.
(2)We must place restrictions on private companies.
1．date back (to ...)追溯到；远在……年代
The college dates back to the Middle Ages.这所学校可追溯到中世纪。
out of date 过时
up to date 最新
The custom dates from hundreds of years.这一习俗流传了几百年。
完成句子：
In our village, there is a tower dating_from/dating_back_to (追溯到) several centuries.
2．set up
(1)资助；(使)开始(从事某种职业)
John's parents set him up as a carpenter.约翰的父母使他从事木工职业。
(2)建立、创立、成立(相当于found, establish)
They will set up a new training center.他们要成立一个新的培训中心。
(3)树立(榜样)
They set up an example to us.他们为我们树立了榜样。
(4)set oneself up as sb.自认为……，自称……
He likes to set himself up as an intellectual.他喜欢自命为知识分子。
由set构成的常见短语：
set aside 留出
set about (doing) sth. 开始(做)某事
set off 引起；导致发生；引起爆炸
set out 着手做(to do sth.)；出发；陈述；阐明
set ...free 释放
set fire to 放火烧……
set sail 起航
Careless smoking may set off fires.粗心吸烟会引发火灾。
完成句子：
(1)It's ten years since the scientist set_out on his life's work of discovering the valuable chemical.
(2)They set_up a notice on the wall.
(3)He sets_aside one hour to learn English every day.
3．come across偶然遇见；被理解；使产生……印象
I came across children sleeping under bridge.我偶然发现睡在桥下的孩子。
He spoke for a long time but his meaning did not really come across.他讲了很长时间，但他的意思没有人真正理解。
come out 出现，出版，说出
come up 长出地面，被提及
come on 出场；加油
Many questions came up at the meeting.会上提出了许多问题。
完成句子：
(1)Could you tell me when the new edition is coming_out?
(2)Come_on,_you can do it.
(3)I came_across an old photo in her desk.
(4)I want to know why my name didn't come_up at the meeting.
4．appeal to
(1)向……呼吁/请求
appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事而向某人呼吁
appeal to sb. to do sth. 呼吁某人做某事，恳求某人做某事
We appeal to the government to take measures to prevent the river from being polluted.我们呼吁政府采取措施阻止这条河流受到污染。
(2)投合……的心意；引起……的兴趣
Sport has become an important form of entertainment, appealing to both men and women.体育运动已成为一种重要的娱乐形式，吸引着男男女女。
Does the idea of working for a venture company appeal to you?你有没有兴趣到合资企业去工作？
(3)上诉；诉诸
appeal to arms/force 诉诸武力
appeal to the law 诉诸法律
appeal to another court 向另一法院上诉
The victims' families of the murder have appealed to the Supreme Court to have a definitive answer.被害者的家属已经请求最高法院对这次谋杀案作出确切的答复。
(1)appeal n． 呼吁；恳求
make an appeal to sb. 向某人提出呼吁
lose one's appeal for 失去对……的吸引力
(2)appealing adj. 有吸引力的；有感染力的
These subjects have lost their appeal for most students.对多数学生来说，这些学科已经失去了吸引力。
完成句子：
(1)政府正呼吁每个人节约用水。
The government is_appealing_to_everyone to save water.
(2)小孩喜欢鲜艳的颜色。
Bright colours appeal_to_small_children.
1．Collecting_"exotic"_plants,_as_they_are_called,_dates back to the earliest times.
收集所谓"异国"植物要追溯到很久以前。
(1)Collecting "exotic" plants是动名词短语作主语。动名词作主语往往表示一般抽象的行为，用于泛指。动名词短语作主语，谓语动词要用单数。
Working with you is a pleasure.和你一起工作是一种乐趣。
Tom's not having finished his homework made his teacher angry.汤姆没有完成作业使老师很生气。
动名词作主语时，若表语为no use, no good, useless, a waste of time等，常用it作形式主语，而将动名词后置。句子结构为：It is no use/good/useless/a waste of time doing sth."做某事没有用处/没有好处/浪费时间"。
It's no use crying over spilt milk.后悔无益。
It's no good complaining.抱怨是没用的。
It's no use crying.哭是没有用的。
(2)as they are called是as引导的一个定语从句。as引导非限制性定语从句时有"正如"之意，可放在主句之前、之后或主句之中。
Taiwan, as you know, is part of China.如你所知，台湾是中国的一部分。
As you say, he is a friend of ours.正如你所说的，他是我们的朋友。
完成句子：
(1)It is no use your_complaining (你抱怨); they won't do anything about it.
(2)There was a cyber cafe around here, as_I_remember (我记得)．
2．However, it_was_not_until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world ...然而，直到十八和十九世纪，对植物世界的探索才……
"It was not until ...that ..."是强调句型。强调句可以强调主语、表语、状语。强调人时，that可换成who或whom，其余一律用that。
(1)强调句型的基本结构
强调句型的基本结构是"It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分"。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。
I wonder if it's because I haven't been able to be outdoors for so long that I've grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。
It was your dad who answered all those letters every year.是你爸爸每年回复这些信件的。
(2)强调句型的疑问句式
强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was提前；特殊疑问句的结构是"疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋其他部分"。
Is it your brother who works in that company?是你哥哥在那家公司工作吗？
The patient looks much better. What is it that has made him what he is today?那个病人看上去好多了。是什么让他变成今天这样的呢？
(3)含有"not ... until"的强调句型
如果原句中含有"not ...until"，在强调时间状语时，将主句中的否定词not连同状语一起提前。构成为：It was not until ... that ...。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她是一位著名的电影明星。
<注意> (1)强调句型的判别方法是：去掉It is/was和that/who后句子仍然完整。否则，不是强调句型。
It is there that accidents often happen.
→Accidents often happen there.
(2)被强调的是时间或地点状语时，不要用when或where而应用that。
Was it in 1939 that the World War Ⅱ broke out?
二战是在1939年爆发的吗？(不能用when)
(3)强调句型和状语从句的区别。试比较：
It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.
昨天午夜我回到了家里。(强调句)
It was midnight when/before I got back home yesterday.
当我昨天回到家里时，已经是午夜了。/昨天我还没到家就到了午夜了。(状语从句)
完成句子：
(1)It was along the Mississippi Riverthat Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. (where, that, which)
(2)Where was it_that we met the first time? (that, who, which)
3．Cook called the bay where the Endeavour had anchored Botany bay.库克把"奋进号"船的抛锚地称为"植物湾"。
where the Endeavour had anchored 是where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the bay。
先行词是表示地点的名词(country, school, room ...)，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语时，一般用where引导定语从句。
The house where he used to live has now been turned into a museum.他过去居住的房子现在已经成了博物馆。
This is the school where I joined the Party.这就是我在那儿入党的那所学校。
比较where引导的定语从句与where引导的状语从句
(1)引导定语从句时，where是关系副词，其前面有一个表示地点或场所的名词；where代替该地点或场所名词(即先行词)在定语从句中作地点状语。
Can you find a situation where this word can be used?你能找出一个可以使用这个单词的情景吗？
I will go to Qingdao next week, where my son is studying.
下周我将去青岛，我儿子在那里学习。
(2)引导地点状语从句时，where是从属连词，所引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的名词。
I found my books where I had left them.
我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
(3)有时，where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面，而where引导的定语从句则不能。
Where there is water, there is life.有水的地方就有生命。
完成句子：
(1)—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one where you know I used to worked for years.(定语从句)
(2)Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.(状语从句)
4．Not_only_did_Fortune_introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but_he_also_shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India, ...
Fortune不但把120多种植物引进到了西方的花园里，他也用船把20 000种茶树从上海运到了印度，……
not only ... but also ...结构表示"不但……而且……"；其中的also有时可以省略。
(1)用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者。
Yet through his painstaking efforts, he changed not only his own fate but also the history of America.然而通过艰苦努力，他不仅改变了自己的命运，还改变了美国历史。
(2)可连接两个并列的句子；若not only位于句首时，not only后面的句子要用部分倒装。
Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10, so not only is it affordable but practical as well.大部分饭菜花不了10美元就够两个人享用，因此它不仅实惠而且实用。
(3)若连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。
Not only you but also he has to leave.不只是你，他也得离开。
<注意> not only只能放在一起；but also既可以连用，也可以分开；also可以省略。
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①Not only does (do) he speak English correctly, but he also speaks it fluently.
②Not only the students but also their teacher likes (like) playing football.
(2)一句多译
这个机会不仅让你高兴，还会满足你对中国戏剧的兴趣。
①Not only will this opportunity make you happy, but also_satisfy_your_interest in Chinese operas.
②This opportunity will not only make you happy, but_also satisfy_your_interest in Chinese operas.
Section_Ⅲ
Learning about Language
Ⅰ.高频单词点击
1．lower vt.降低，跌落；减弱→low adj.低矮的
2．beard n．胡须
3．ripe adj.熟的，成熟的，时机成熟的→ripeness n．成熟，老练→ripen (使)成熟
4．irrigation n．灌溉→irrigate v．灌溉
5．weed n．野草，杂草
6．spear n．矛；标枪
7．string n．线，细绳，一串
8．spade_n．铲；铁锹
9．postpone vt.推迟，延迟
10．monument n．纪念碑→monumental丰碑式的
Ⅱ.重点短语必记
result in 导致
Ⅲ.常用句型必备
1．There was not much room left for the crew.
2．We were dirty and had long beards, for we had no fresh water to_wash_in and we didn't shave at all.
Ⅳ.单元语法聚焦
非谓语动词作宾语和双宾语动词
1．ripe adj.
(1)成熟的
Soon ripe, soon rotten.<谚>早熟早烂，<喻>早慧早衰。
This fruit isn't ripe yet — we can't eat it.这水果还没有熟，我们不能吃。
(2)准备好的；适宜的
This field is ripe for sowing.这块地已适合于播种了。
be ripe for ... ……的时机成熟；准备就绪；适于……
The time is ripe for reforming the education system.改革教育体制的时机已经成熟。
比较ripe, mature
(1)ripe主要用于果实已成熟，可以食用；也用于谷物成熟，可以收获，常可与mature互换。还可以引申为"时机成熟"。
The peaches are not mature/ripe.桃还没有成熟。
(2)mature应用范围较广，不仅指果实、谷物的成熟，而且泛指动植物或人在发育方面的成熟。
Peach trees are considered mature when they begin bearing fruit.桃树开始结果便成熟了。
完成句子：
(1)Having spent the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
(2)A green banana is not ripe/mature enough to eat.
2．postpone vt.延期；延缓；搁置
We postponed the match from March 5th to March 19th.我们把比赛从3月5日推迟到3月19日举行。
postpone doing sth. 延期做某事
She postponed getting married because of her career.由于事业她推迟了婚期。
比较postpone, delay
(1)postpone指延迟一段时间，等做过了某件事、了解了某种情况、得到了某种信息后再去做。
(2)delay指因出现了某种障碍而延缓，要延迟到什么时候还不确定。强调"推迟"这个概念。
完成句子：
(1)Let's postpone making (make) a decision until we have more information.
(2)Their arrival will be delayed (delay) because of heavy traffic.
3．monument n．纪念建造物；纪念碑(与to连用)
This pillar is a monument to all those who died in the civil war.这根纪念柱是为所有那些在国内战争中牺牲的人所建的纪念碑。
the Monument to the People's Heroes人民英雄纪念碑
需要跟to表示"的……"的结构还有：
the key to sth. ……的钥匙、答案或关键
the access to sth. ……的通道或使用方法
the entrance to sth. ……的入口
完成句子：
The key to solving the problem (解决问题的关键) is to find the person who has witnessed the scene.
1．result in造成；导致
The earthquake resulted in thousands of deaths.这次地震造成了成千上万人的死亡。
These policies resulted in many people suffering hardship.这些政策使得许多人在困苦中挣扎。
(1)result from 由……造成；因……而产生
(2)as a result 结果
as a result of 作为……的结果
without result 没有结果；白费
However, pollution and other serious problems have also resulted from human progress.但是，人类的发展也产生了污染和其他严重的问题。
The city is at the cross of many railways and highways; as a result, it is convenient to transport.这座城市位于交通枢纽处，因此交通便利。
She had called three times to her son, but without result.她已给儿子打了三次电话，可是毫无结果。
<注意> (1)result in的主语是"起因"，宾语是"结果"；result from的主语是"结果"，宾语是"起因"。
(2)表示"导致"的词语还有： cause, lead to, contribute to, bring about等。
1．There was not much room left_for_the_crew.没有给全体队员留下足够的空间。
(1)left在句中作后置定语，在一般情况下单个的单词作定语时，要放在被修饰词的前边，但也有些形容词和分词必须放在后边作定语；也有些可前可后，但意义不同。
①以a开头的表示状态的形容词，一般在句子中当表语成分，但作定语时须后置，类似的形容词有：alive, asleep, alike, alone, awake, aware, ashamed, absent, afraid, available等。
Tom was the only boy awake at that time.那时汤姆是唯一醒着的男孩。
②部分表示方位、处所、时间的副词如here, there, above, below, upstairs, downstairs, outside, inside, around, today, nearby等常作后置定语。
A boy outside is waiting for you.外面的男孩正在等你。
③left和remaining都表示有"剩下的"的意思，但left只作后置定语，remaining只作前置定语。
We have five remaining books.
→We have five books left.我们还剩五本书。
④involved意为"有牵连的"，"牵涉的"，只作后置定语。
We must pay more attention to the problems involved.我们必须对所涉及的问题多加关注。
⑤有些词既可当作前置定语又可当作后置定语，但含义不一样。如：used, concerned, present。
All people present at the meeting are students.(present作为"出席的，在场的"时只能是后置定语。)出席会议的所有人员都是学生。
The present problem is how to get there.(present作为"目前的，现在的"时，只能是前置定语)目前的问题是如何去那儿。
(2)如果是短语作定语，要放在被修饰词的后边。
The girl referred to is a friend of mine.刚才提到的那个女孩是我的朋友。
The building being built is our school.正在建设的大楼是我们的学校。
完成句子：
(1)We've collected a large quantity of used_books (旧书)．
(2)The story (which_was)_written_by_a_middle_school_student (一个中学生写的) is popular in schools.
(3)There is little time_left (剩余时间); you must hurry.
2．We were dirty and had long beards，for we had no fresh water to_wash_in and we didn't shave at all.我们身上很脏，胡子很长，因为我们没有淡水洗澡，也根本不刮胡子。
to wash in作定语修饰其前面的名词water。因为主语we与动词不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，所以动词不定式采用主动形式。
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend.她通常有许多会议要参加。
<注意> 当不定式被用作定语时，若句中有其表示的动作的发出者，应用不定式的主动形式；若没有动作的发出者，则用被动形式。
I will go shopping.Do you have anything to be bought?我要去购物。你有什么要(我为你)买的吗？
完成句子：
(1)Every day I've got lots of things to_deal_with (处理)．
(2)It was an exciting moment to_remember (记住)．
(3)They made a plan to_set_up (组建) a club for car fans.
非谓语动词作宾语和双宾语动词
一、非谓语动词作宾语
1．只能跟v.ing形式作宾语的常见动词和短语口诀
避免错过少延期 avoid，miss，put off
建议完成多练习 advise，finish，practice
喜欢想象禁不住 enjoy，imagine，can't help
承认否定与嫉妒 admit，deny，envy
逃避冒险莫原谅 escape，risk，excuse
忍受保持不介意 stand，keep，mind
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?把收音机的声音调低点你介意吗？
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.这只松鼠很幸运没有被抓住。
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.我横穿马路以便避开他，但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。
2．只能跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词和短语口诀
决定学会有希望 decide/determine/resolve, learn, hope/wish
同意安排别假装 agree, arrange, pretend
胆敢拒绝定失败 dare/venture, refuse/decline, fail
准备设法来帮忙 prepare, manage, help
提出要求付得起 ask/offer, demand/ask, afford
答应计划理应当 promise, plan, be supposed
努力期盼别犹豫 endeavor, desire/expect, hesitate
想要发誓作保障 want/would like/should love, pledge/swear/vow，guarantee
His father has decided to give up smoking.他的父亲已经决定戒烟了。
Don't pretend to know what you don't know.不要不懂装懂。
I can't afford to buy such an expensive car.我买不起这么贵的车。
3．既可跟v.ing形式作宾语又可跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词和短语
(1)在hate，like，love，prefer等动词后，表习惯性一般性的动作常用v.ing形式；一次性具体的动作多用动词不定式。
I like watching TV, but I don't like to watch this TV play.我喜欢看电视，但我不喜欢看这部电视剧。
(2)在try，mean，learn，go on，can't help等动词后，用两种形式意义不同。
I'm very busy today, so I can't help to do the housework.我很忙，所以不能帮着做家务活。
She can't help crying at the bad news.听到这坏消息，她禁不住哭了。
(3)当主语是物时，在want，need，require等动词后，用两种语态形式表示"(某物)需要……"，即＋doing/to be done。
The flowers in the garden need watering/to be watered.花园里的花需要浇水了。
(4)在remember, forget, regret等动词后，用两种形式时间概念不同。
①＋to do记住/忘记/抱歉将要做……
②＋doing/having done记住/忘记/后悔曾做过……
—Have you forgotten borrowing a ruler from Betty?
—Oh, yes.But I remember returning it to her the next day.
——你忘了你曾经从Betty那儿借过尺子吗？
——喔，是的。但是我记得第二天还给她了。
二、双宾语动词
有些及物动词需要两个宾语才能表达一个完整意念。两种宾语在句子中的位置：
1．主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
Please hand me the book.请把书递给我。
He owes me five dollars.他欠我五美元。
Her mother bought her a skirt.她妈妈为她买了一条裙子。
2．主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词＋间接宾语
(1)间接宾语前加介词to的动词有：give，tell，lend，sell，teach，send，write，show，return，bring，pass，leave，offer，hand等。
They gave the house to John.他们把房子给了约翰。
He sold his old car to one of his neighbors.他把旧车卖给了他的一个邻居。
<注意> say，explain，introduce等为接单宾语的及物动词。故"say/explain/introduce sth. to sb."结构不能说成say/explain/introduce sb. sth.
Please explain the sentence to us.(正确)
Please explain us the sentence.(不正确)
请给我们解释一下这个句子。
(2)间接宾语前加介词for的动词有：buy，choose，get，make，fetch，find，order，paint，save，spare，cook等。
I have bought some chocolate for you.我给你买了一些巧克力。
<注意> 如果直接宾语为人称代词那么必须把直接宾语放在间接宾语前，且间接宾语前加上适当的介词。
I handed it to our teacher.我把它递给了我们的老师。
不能说：I handed our teacher it.
(3)间接宾语前加介词of的动词有：ask，require，demand，expect等。
You are asking a lot of them if you expect them to work at the weekend.如果你希望他们在周末上班，你就要求的太多了。
Parents expect too much of children.父母对孩子期望太高。
<注意> warn sb. of sth.，remind sb. of sth.，inform sb. of sth.等不属于上述情况。
Section_Ⅳ
Using Language
Ⅰ.高频单词点击
1．rot vt. & vi.腐烂；腐败
2．evolve vt. & vi.发展；进展；进化→evolution n. 演变；进化→evolutionism n. 进化论；进化说
3．attach vt.缚上；系上；附加
4．typical adj.典型的，有代表性的→typicality n．典型性；特征→typically adv. 代表性地
5．delicate adj.精巧的；脆弱的；微妙的→delicately adv.巧妙地；细致地
6．fragrant adj.芬芳的；香的→fragrance n. 香味；芬芳
7．dull adj.不鲜明的；阴暗的→dully adv.萧条地；不景气地
8．fruity adj.果味的；(酒)有葡萄味的
Ⅱ.重点短语必记
1．pass on 进入另一个(活动)阶段；前进；传给后代
2．depend on 依靠；取决于
3．give out 发出(气味、 热等)；分发
Ⅲ.常用句型必备
1．For example，yellow flowers attract bees, while red flower attract butterflies.
2. ...usually the nectar is at the end of a small, narrow tube_whose length is the same as the tongue of a particular species.
Ⅳ.功能意念项目
表达情感：惊奇、厌恶(Expressing emotions：wonder，disgust)
That's amazing！ What fantastic plants!
Wow！How interesting! I think it's fantastic!
Oh，yuck! That's disgusting!
1．evolve v．逐步发展；逐渐演变；进化；进化形成
evolve from sth. 由某物/从某物进化而来
evolve into sth. 逐渐形成某物
The three species evolved from a single ancestor.这三种生物从同一祖先进化而来。
After billions of years, some species evolved into their present forms.几十亿年之后，一些物种才演变成了它们现在的形式。
evolution n． 进化；演变
evolutionary adj. 进化的，演变的
The teacher is explaining the theory of evolution to the students.老师正在给学生们解释进化论。
完成句子：
(1)他经过多年的研究，总结出了新的理论。
He evolved_a_new_theory after many years of research.
(2)他们要从大量庞杂的证据中推断出有用的信息。
They should evolve_the_useful_information_from a mass of confused evidence.
2．attach vt.缚上；系上；附加
attach ...to ... 把……固定(附在)……上
attach importance/significance/value to sth. 认为……有重要性
(或意义、价值等)
attach to 与……有联系/关联
Please attach a recent photo to your application form.请在申请表上贴一张近期照片。
I attach great importance to this research.我认为这项研究十分重要。
attached adj. 依恋的；附加的
be attached to 附着于；依恋
What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth.
物体附着在地球上的强度决定了事情的发生倾向。
完成句子：
(1)我们大家都非常重视英语学习。
All of us attach_great_importance_to the English learning.
(2)我依恋故乡的一草一木。
I am_attached_to every tree and bush in my hometown.
(3)此次意外事故与他无关。
No blame attaches_to him for the accident.
3．typical adj.典型的；有代表性的；一向如此的
be typical of ... 是典型的……；是……的特点
It is typical of sb. to do sth. 做……是某人的特点；某人一向如此
typically adv. 典型地，有代表性地
It was typical of him to be so rude.他一向都是这样粗鲁无礼。
Researchers have found that the first two children in a family are typically more different from each other than the second and third.研究人员发现一个家庭的前两个孩子之间与第二个和第三个孩子之间有更加明显的差异。
完成句子：
(1)起初发烧是这病的特征；但是它总是要几个星期才显现出来。
At first, fever is_typical_of the disease, but it typically takes several weeks to appear.
(2)Typically, he is ready to help others.
It_is_typical_of_him_to_be_ready_to_help_others.
1．pass on进入另一个(活动)阶段；前进；传给
Read the newspaper, and then pass it on.读完报纸后，往下传。
pass sth. on to sb. 将某物传给某人
pass away 去世
pass by 走过，经过
pass sth. down 从一代传给下一代
pass out 昏倒，失去知觉
pass through 经过，经历
She said she'd pass the message on to the other students.她说她会把口信传给其他学生。
The old man has passed through lots of sufferings.这位老人饱尝了辛酸。
完成句子：
(1)Some customs have died out but some will pass on for some time.
(2)I nearly passed out when I saw all the blood.
(3)The tradition has been passed down from father to son for generations.
(4)They all waved as they passed by.
2．depend on依靠；依赖
Not having a car or knowing the city, I was depending on a couple of buses to get me from A to B.由于没有车，而且对这个城市也不熟悉，所以我依靠公交车来往于A、B两地。
depend on/upon sb.to do sth. 依靠某人做某事
depend on/upon sb. for sth. 靠某人供给某物
depend on/upon it that ... 相信……
That/It (all) depends. 视情况而定。
(常用于交际英语)
You may depend on it that it won't happen again.你要相信那样的事不会再发生了。
介、代词填空或用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)You may depend on it that I can come on time.
(2)He depends on his parents to_take (take) care of his children.
(3)Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
3．give out
(1)分发
Give the money out to the children.把钱分给孩子们。
(2)用完，用尽
Our food supply at last gave out.我们的食物终于用完了。
His strength gave out.他已精疲力竭。
(3)公布，宣布；发表；发出
It was given out that he was dead.他的死讯已经公布。
The radio is giving out a signal.这收音机发出了一种信号。
give back 归还
give away 赠送，颁发；放弃(机会)
give in 屈服，投降，退让(to)
give off (散)发出(蒸气)，发散(光线)
give up 放弃，停止
Never give in to any difficulty.
绝不向困难低头。
完成句子：
(1)Eventually I gave in and accepted the job on their terms.
(2)My money was beginning to give out and there were no jobs to be found.
(3)You can look at it as long as you give it back.
1．For example，yellow followers attract bees, while red flowers attract butterflies.
例如：黄花吸引蜜蜂，而红花吸引蝴蝶。
句中while为并列连词，连接两个分句，意为"而，然而"，表示对比或转折。while位于两个分句之间。
Some people waste food while others haven't enough.
有些人浪费粮食，然而有些人却吃不饱。
while也可作从属连词，引导以下从句：
(1)引导时间状语从句，意为"当……的时候"，此时从句谓语通常是延续性动词。
Mary watched TV while she had supper.玛丽边吃饭边看电视。
He caught a cold while (he was) on vacation.他度假时患了感冒。
(2)引导让步状语从句，通常位于句首，意为"尽管；虽然"。
While I agree with your reasons, I can't allow it.尽管我同意你的理由，但我不允许这样做。
(3)引导条件状语从句，意为"只要"，其意思和用法相当于as long as。while可位于句首，也可位于句中。
There will be life while there is water and air.只要有空气和水，就有生命。
完成句子：
好的习惯总是使得效率提高，而不好的习惯导致相反(的结果)。
Good habits always lead to high efficiency, while_bad_ones_lead_to_the_opposite.
2．... usually the nectar is at the end of a small, narrow tube whose_length is the same as the tongue of a particular species.
……花粉通常在狭小的花管子的一段，其长度与特定花粉传播者的舌头相当。
关系代词whose表示"……的"，是关系代词who和which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在从句中，whose作定语修饰名词，被修饰词可以是从句的主语、宾语或介词宾语。
They cleaned the house whose windows faced south.(修饰从句的主语)他们把那所窗户朝南的房子清扫了。
The gentleman，with whose daughter I worked，looked down upon women.(修饰从句的介词宾语daughter)那位先生看不起妇女，他的女儿曾经跟我一块工作过。
完成句子：
(1)他就是我昨天借用他钢笔的那个男孩。
He is the boy whose_pen_I_borrowed yesterday.
(2)上个月，中国东北部分地区遭受洪水袭击，现在那些地区的人们仍然遭受洪水影响之苦。
Last month，parts of northeast China were struck by floods, from_whose_effects the people are still suffering.
如何写说明文
【写作任务】
假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Sarah打算暑期来北京旅游，来信询问改建后前门大街的情况。请你写封回信，简单介绍以下内容：
1．简况：长800余米、600多年历史、300余家商铺；
2．位置：天安门广场南面；
3．交通：公共汽车17、69、59等路，地铁2号线；
4．特色：步行街、当当车、茶馆、剧院等。
参考词汇：步行街 pedestrian street
当当车 trolley car 地铁 subway
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头语已为你写好。
Dear Sarah，
Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt Qianmen Street.Here is something about it.
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Yours，
Li Hua
【范文在线】
Dear Sarah，
Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt Qianmen Street.Here is something about it.
Qianmen Street is a famous street of over 600 years old.Along this 800metre street, there are more than 300 shops.As the street is in the center of Beijing, just to the south of Tian'anmen Square, it's very convenient to get there by bus.You may take Buses No.17,69 or 59, Subway Line 2 has a stop there too.Qianmen Street is a pedestrian street, but there are trolley cars to take you not only to the shops, but also to theaters and teahouses where you can experience a truly Chinese way of life.I'm sure you'll like it.
Yours，
Li Hua
【靓点点击】
作者能把握住写说明文的基本要求，条理分明，语言简洁。文章详细地介绍了改建后前门大街的情况。
说明文是以客观解说事物或事理为内容，以给人知识为目的，以说明为主要表达方式的一种文体。
写说明文要抓住事物的特征，有目的地具体解说，同时，还要抓住事物的本质，科学地加以说明。说明文只要求把事物和事理解释清楚，不要求抒发个人情感，因此语言要通俗简洁，说明过程要条理清楚。说明文多用一般现在时。
说明文常用的写作方法有：按照时间顺序说明；按照空间位置进行说明；先讲道理，后举例子；先举例子，后讲道理；把同类或不同类的事物加以比较；先使用数据进行说明，再对事物做出简要结论等。说明文应该写得条理分明、层次清楚、语言简洁而有逻辑性。
介绍一种你熟悉的花，如：rose(玫瑰)，chrysanthemum(菊花)，orchid(兰花)，lily(百合)，daffodil(水仙花)，Rafflesia arnoldii(大王花)等。你可以从以下几个方面介绍这种花：
1．产地；
2．典型特征，如：颜色、形状、气味等；
3．如何传授花粉？
4．如何获取营养？
注意：词数100左右。
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参考范文：
Rafflesia arnoldii
Rafflesia arnoldii grows in the rainforest of Southeast Asia, but due to the destruction of the forests, it is becoming very rare.At about one meter wide, the flower of Rafflesia arnoldii is the largest flower in the world.The Rafflesia arnoldii flower looks and smells like rotting meat.This means it attracts pollinators, such as flies and other insects that eat dead animals.However, instead of getting a feed, the insects pick up its pollen and spread it to other Rafflesia plants.Rafflesia arnoldii doesn't have any leaves, stems or roots.It does not need them as it is a parasite and so gets its food from another plant.