疑问词:比较耐用,疑问词怎么讲解

张鑫友:英语语法之定语从句 七

对于老师们来说

英语课堂上

“从句”

是一个必讲的重要知识点

外语教师联盟每周一

“专项语法难题探微”栏目

(以下简称“探微”)

首期知识点为大家带来了

定语从句

(共八讲)

前六期内容为(可点击查看)

1.并列成分公共后置定语

2.中心词与其后置定语的分隔现象

3.多重定语从句的种类和特点

4.引导定语从句的 “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构

5. 定语从句与分词短语的转换

6. 定语从句的非定语意义

本期第七讲——

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的判断

本期内容导图(点击查看大图)

不少语法书在论述

限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别时

往往过分地强调了逗号

在区分这两类定语从句时的重要性

因此不少人认为

在先行词与定语从句之间

有逗号隔开的就是非限制性定语从句

其实,这并不完全正确。

请看以下例句:

As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire -brigade.

当她听到几声喊叫时,跑去向经理报告,经理马上向消防队打了电话。

In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer.

在火炬下,他看到了一个人影,立即认出他是我们本地的食品商,比尔·威尔斯金。

There was a man in a morning coat, whom we took to be the manager.

有一个穿着晨礼服的人,我们把他当作经理了。

We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.

然而,我们担心我们的隔壁邻居,他们的农场地势低洼,而且他们又都是新到此地区的。

以上四句其从句均为非限制性定语从句,唯一的差别是前两例中无逗号,后两例中有逗号。然而,前两例都没有对各自前面的先行词作任何意义上的限制,都是所谓的“继续性”从句,即从句的动作继主句的动作之后才发生,两者的关系实际上是并列关系,由此可见逗号不是我们区分两种定语从句的唯一标志。

不过,我们也不能否认逗号在区分两类定语从句时所起的一定的作用。

在讨论两类定语从句的判断之前,我们首先必须肯定的一点是:

在先行词与定语从句之间有逗号的一般都是非限制性定语从句,上面所举的后两例也说明了这一点。

但也必须注意,如果先行词与定语从句之间有插入语或分隔成分,则又是另一码事。

以下两句都是限制性定语从句:

There are a few modern cities, however, that were created out of nothing.

然而 , 有几个城市却完全是从一无所有的空地上建立起来的。

Green plants and the organisms, such as animals, fungi, and bacteria, that depend on them, all derive their energy directly or indirectly from sunlight.

绿色植物以及象动物、菌和细菌这些靠绿色植物为生的生物,都是直接或间接地从阳光吸取能量的。

正确地认识了逗号在区分两类定语从句中所起的作用后,我们再就某些语言特点来对两类定语从句的判断作些探讨。

A

限制性定语从句在意义上有“涉他性”

而非限制性定语从句在意义上有“唯一性”

试比较 :

I have a brother who works in a chemical works.

我有一个在化工厂工作的哥哥。

(言外之言:我还有别的哥哥,他或他们不在化工厂工作)

I have a brother, who works in a chemical works.

我有一个哥哥,他在化工厂工作。

(暗示再没有别的哥哥了)

All the books there which have pictures in them, were written by them.

那儿所有有插图的书都是他们写的。

(言外之言:那儿还有没有插图的书,而那些书不是他们写的)

All the books there, which have pictures in them were written by them.

那儿所有的书都是他们写的,书中有插图。

(暗示那儿没有别的书了)

B

当先行词为专有名词时

其从句通常是非限制性的

因为专有名词是某人、地方、机构等

特有的名称,无需再加限定

例如 :

Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was murdered on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington.

亚伯拉罕·林肯领导美国度过了这几个年头,可他却于1865年4月14日在华盛顿的一家戏院被暗杀了。

One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764. 但尼尔孟多亚是拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一,他生于1764年。

如果专有名词前有定冠词,其后的定语从句可能是限制性的,因为这时有可能特指两个或两个以上同名的专有名词中的一个。

例如:

The Samual Johnson who was a president of Columbia University was not the Samual Johnson who was a famous English writer.

当过美国哥伦比亚大学校长的约翰逊不是那个著名的英国作家约翰逊。

C

当先行词表示类属意义

即表示某类动物、事物或人时

其后所跟的定语从句

一般是非限制性的

例如 :

A sheep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.

羊是一种有用的动物,它的毛有很多用途。

Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.

全世界各处都踢足球,它是一种很有趣的运动。

先行词为独一无二的事物时,其后的定语从句也是非限制性的。

例如:

The earth, which goes around the sun, is called a planet.

地球是一个行星,它绕着太阳运转。

D

关系代词which,as

指代前面整个句子或句子的部分内容时

定语从句是非限制性的

例如 :

Rubber is a light, elastic, durable and water-resistant material, which makes it a very important material in industry.

橡胶种质轻、富有弹性、经久耐用并能防水的材料,这就使它成为工业上的种非常重要的原料。

The volume of the displaced liquid is the same as that of the submerged object, which agrees with what is illustrated in the text.

所排开的液体的体积与下沉物体的体积相同,这与课文中的说明相符。

This elephant is like snake, as anybody can see.

这头大象像条蛇,这谁都看得出来。

"名词(代词、数词等)+of+which"结构所引导的定语从句也是非限制性的,不管其间有无逗号

例如 :

Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.

上星期天我从书店买回几本书,其中有三本是英文小说。

The sun is a mass of condensed gases or liquids the temperature of which is about 10,000 °C on the surface.

太阳是由气体或液体凝聚而成的块团,其表面温度约为摄氏一万度。

E

当先行词是

不定代词

all,everything,little,anything,nothing,much,few等

其定语从句通常是限制性的

例如 :

Everything (that) you say to him goes in one ear and out the other.

你跟他说什么,他都是一只耳朵进,一只耳朵出。

There is nothing in the world that can frighten him.

世界上没什么东西能使他害怕。

There are real estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labour markets, short-term capital markets, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price.

房地产市场、外汇市场、劳务市场、短期资本市场等;任何有价格的东西都可能有一个市场。

This is all which Mr. Black could offer.

这就是布莱克先生所能提供的。

当先行词被all,every,any,only,no,such,very,last,same等词修饰时,其后的定语从句一般也是限制性的。

例如:

Any change that does not affect the chemical composition of matter is a physical change.

任何不影响物质的化学成分的变化都是物理变化。

This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.

这个书包和我昨天丟失的书包相似。

Don’t read such books as you can not understand.

不要读你看不懂的书。

F

当先行词被

形容词最高级或序数词修饰时

其定语从句是限制性的

例如 :

“That," said Mr. Hornsnagle, "is the most complete democracy that I have ever heard of.” “这是我听说过的最完全的民主了,”洪斯纳哥先生说道。

The first question which arises is why are certain words sometimes written with a capital, and sometimes not.

产生的第一问题是:为什么某些词有时第一个字母要大写,有时不要。

They said that they were weavers, and that they could weave the finest cloth that anyone had ever seen.

他们说他们是织布能织出人们所见过的最佳布料。

G

限制性定语从句中的关系代词作宾语时

可以而且经常是省略掉的

因此关系代词在从句中

作宾语而被省略的

均为限制性定语从句

例如 :

The speech he has made today is not a circumstance to his yesterday's pronouncement.

他今天的讲演远不及他昨天发表的声明。

He lent me the story book I wanted very much to read.

他把那本我非常想看的故事书借给了我。

但在不用逗号的非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时就不能省略。

The gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner

那监狱看守一会儿后返回到监狱去他戴着一副眼镜,手上拿着那封普通的信,然后把信读给犯人听。

H

在带有定语从句的复合句是

一般疑问句或特殊疑问句时

其从句通常是限制性的

例如:

Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?

你还记得10年前的一个下午我到你家借钻石项链的事吗?

Who's the comrade you just shook hands with?

你刚才和他握手的同志是谁?

内容来源(独家授权):

张鑫友. 英语语法难题探微词典. 华中师范大学出版社.

本文编辑:Joyce

编辑助理:Jane

下期预告

英语语法之“定语从句”(八)

As引导的定语从句

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2024-03-09

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